3D building metrics for urban morphology

Urban morphology is important in a broad range of investigations across the fields city planning, transportation, climate, energy, and urban data science. Characterising buildings with set numerical metrics fundamental to studying form. Despite rapid developments 3D geoinformation science, growing availability, most studies simplify their 2D footprint, when taking height into account, they at assume one value per building, i.e. simple 3D. We take first step elevating building full/true 3D, uncovering use higher levels detail, account detailed shape building. foundation new research line on by providing comprehensive metrics, implementing them openly released software, generating an open dataset containing for 823,000 Netherlands, demonstrating case where clusters architectural patterns are analysed through time. Our experiments suggest added complement existing counterparts, reducing ambiguity, advanced insights. Furthermore, we provide comparative analysis using different detail models.